Analytical Techniques - Types of NMR: Hydrogen (A-Level Chemistry)

Types of NMR: Hydrogen

Proton (¹H) NMR Spectroscopy

¹H NMR investigates the hydrogen atoms in a molecule.

As there are a large number of hydrogen atoms in almost all organic molecules, this type of spectroscopy is particularly useful.

There are two different types of ¹H NMR: low resolution (studied in detail in this chapter) and high resolution ¹H NMR (looked at in the next chapter).

Low Resolution ¹H NMR

When interpreting low resolution ¹H NMR spectra you have to look at both:

  • Number of peaks – the number of peaks is equivalent to the number of hydrogen atoms in different environments
  • Relative area under peaks – the relative area under each peak indicates the relative number or ratio of H atoms in each environment. This is known as the integration number.

Standards

The same standard, TMS, is used for ¹H NMR as it is for ¹³C NMR for the same reasons outlined in chapter 198. It is given chemical shift value of 0.

Interpreting Low Resolution ¹H NMR Spectra

The data you will be given for ¹H NMR chemical shifts is given below.

High Resolution 1H NMR
High Resolution ¹H NMR

Worked example: Identify the number of peaks produced by this molecule in a ¹H NMR spectrum. Identify the integration factor produced by the peaks.

Answer: 2 peaks

The relative ratio of the peaks will be 2:3 = integration factor.

Explanation: The hydrogen atoms in the two CH₃ parts of the molecule are attached to C=O bonds which in turn are attached to -CH₂.

This represents one chemical environment and will produce one peak with a relative area underneath of 3, as there are 6 H atoms.

The hydrogen atoms in the -CH₂ parts of the molecule are attached to another CH₂ part and a C=O on the other sides.

This represents the second chemical environment which will produce one peak with a relative area of 2, as there are 4 H atoms.

Worked example: Identify the molecule which gives this spectrum using low resolution ¹H NMR. It only contains C, H and O. Use the data booklet to help you.

Answer: CH₃CH₂OH

Explanation:

The peak closest to 0 has a peak at between 0.7 and 1.2 and an integration factor of 3, so it is likely to have 3 H atoms.

It is likely to be R-CH₃

The next peak is between 3.1 and 3.9 and an integration factor of 2, so it is likely to have 2 H atoms.

It is likely to be R-O-CH₂

The final peak is between 0.5 and 5 with an integration factor of 1, so it has 1 H atom.

It is likely to be R-OH.

The molecule is ethanol:

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AQA 3.1.1 Atomic structure

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electron Arrangement (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electrons in Atoms (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Element Isotopes (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Atomic and Mass Number (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Subatomic Particles (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.10 Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Le Chatelier’s Principle in Gas Equilibria (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Equilibria and Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogeneous System – Changing Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Partial Pressures (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.11 Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells

Acids and Bases – Drawing pH Curves (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Dilutions and pH (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrochemical Cells Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Representing Electrochemical Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrode Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Half Cells and Full Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.12 Acids and bases

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Buffer Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – pH of Strong Bases (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Ionic Product of Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – More Ka Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The pH Scale and Strong Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid and Base Strength (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.2 Amount of substance

Amount of Substance – Percentage Atom Economy (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Calculating Percentage Yields (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Stoichiometric Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Balancing Chemical Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Empirical and Molecular Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Further Mole Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance- The Mole and The Avogadro Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Measuring Relative Masses (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – The Ideal Gas Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.3 Bonding

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Hydrogen Bonding in Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Forces Between Molecules (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Bond Polarity (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Molecular Shapes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Predicting Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Carbon Allotropes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Metallic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Covalent Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Covalent Bonds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.4 Energetics

AQA 3.1.5 Kinetics

Kinetics – The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution and Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Collision Theory and Reaction Rates (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.6 Chemical equilibria

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.7 Oxidation, reduction and redox

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Balancing Redox Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Redox Processes (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Oxidation States (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.8 Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Gibbs Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Entropy Change Predictions (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Total Entropy Changes (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Introduction to Entropy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculating Enthalpy Changes of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Hydration (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.9 Rate equations

Rate Equations – Reaction Determining Steps (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Reaction Half Lives (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Uses of Clock Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Orders of Reactions Graphically (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Order of Reaction Experimentally (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Introduction to Orders of Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Measuring Rate of Reaction (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.1 Periodicity

Periodicity – Trends Along Period 3 (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.2 Group 2, the alkaline earth metals

Uses of Group 2 Elements and their Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Reactions of Group 2 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.3 Group 7(17), the halogens

The Halogens -Halide Ions and their Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Reactions with Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Group 7, The Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.4 Properties of Period 3 elements

Properties of Period 3 Elements – Properties of Period 3 Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Properties of Period 3 Elements – Reactivity of Period 3 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.5 Transition metals

Transition Metals – Autocatalysis of Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Transition Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Transition Metals as Heterogeneous Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Examples of Redox Reactions in Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Reactions Revisited (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligand Substitution Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.6 Reactions of ions in aqueous solution

Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solutions – Metal Ions in Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Structural Isomers (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – General Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Introduction to Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Improved Benzene Model (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Introduction to Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.11 Amines

Amines – Nitriles (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Properties and Reactivity of Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Introduction to Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.12 Polymers

Polymer Disposal (A-Level Chemistry)

Polymer Biodegradability (A-Level Chemistry)

Condensation Polymers (A-Level Chemistry)

Polyamide Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.13 Amino acids

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – DNA Replication (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – DNA (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Enzyme Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Proteins (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Amino Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.14 Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Considerations in Organic Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.15 NMR

Analytical Techniques – High Resolution ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Hydrogen (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – NMR Samples and Standards (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.16 Chromatography

Analytical Techniques – Different Types of Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.2 Alkanes

Alkanes – Obtaining Alkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkanes – Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes – Environmental Impact of Halogenalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.4 Alkenes

Alkenes – Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkenes – Alkene Structure and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.5 Alcohols

Alcohols – Industrial Production of Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol oxidation (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Introduction to Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.6 Organic analysis

Organic Analysis – Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.7 Optical isomerism

Optical Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.8 Aldehydes and ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactivity of Carbonyl Compunds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.9 Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Structure of Amides (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

21: Organic Synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

29: Intro to Organic Chemistry

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Benzene Nomenclature (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Improved Benzene Model (A-Level Chemistry)

Optical Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 1: Atomic Structure

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Ion Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electron Arrangement (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electrons in Atoms (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Element Isotopes (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Atomic and Mass Number (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Subatomic Particles (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 10: Group 2

Reactions of Group 2 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 11: Group 17

The Halogens -Halide Ions and their Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Reactions with Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Group 7, The Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 12

CIE 13: Intro to AS Organic Chemistry

Optical Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkanes – Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Structural Isomers (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – General Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Introduction to Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Covalent Bonds (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 14: Hydrocarbons

Alkenes – Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkenes – Alkene Structure and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkanes – Obtaining Alkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkanes – Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 15: Halogen compounds

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 16: Hydroxy compounds

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol oxidation (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Introduction to Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 17: Carbonyl compounds

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactivity of Carbonyl Compunds (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 18: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 19: Nitrogen Compounds

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Nitriles (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 2: Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry

Bonding – Ion Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Calculating Percentage Yields (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Stoichiometric Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Balancing Chemical Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Empirical and Molecular Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Further Mole Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance- The Mole and The Avogadro Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Measuring Relative Masses (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 20: Polymerisation

Polymer Disposal (A-Level Chemistry)

Polymer Biodegradability (A-Level Chemistry)

Condensation Polymers (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 22: Analytical Techniques

Organic Analysis – Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 23: Chemical Energetics

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Gibbs Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Entropy Change Predictions (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Total Entropy Changes (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Introduction to Entropy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculating Enthalpy Changes of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Hydration (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 24: Electrochemistry

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrochemical Cells Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Representing Electrochemical Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrode Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Half Cells and Full Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Balancing Redox Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 25: Equilibria

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Buffer Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Dilutions and pH (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – pH of Strong Bases (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The pH Scale and Strong Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid and Base Strength (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 27: Group 2 Elements

Reactions of Group 2 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 28: Chemistry of transition elements

Transition Metals – Examples of Redox Reactions in Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligand Substitution Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Colour in Transition Metal Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Optical Isomerism in Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Cis-Trans Isomerism in Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Complex Ion Shape (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligands (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Introduction to Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 3: Chemical bonding

Bonding – Hydrogen Bonding in Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Forces Between Molecules (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Bond Polarity (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Molecular Shapes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Metallic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Covalent Bonds (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Ionic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 30: Hydrocarbons

Aromatic Chemistry – Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 31: Halogen compounds

Aromatic Chemistry – Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 32: Hydroxy compounds

Aromatic Chemistry – Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 33: Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Structure of Amides (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 34: Nitrogen compounds

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Amino Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Properties and Reactivity of Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Introduction to Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 35: Polymerisation

Polymer Biodegradability (A-Level Chemistry)

Condensation Polymers (A-Level Chemistry)

Polyamide Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 36: Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 37: Analytic techniques

Analytical Techniques – Deuterium use in ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – High Resolution ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Hydrogen (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – NMR Samples and Standards (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Different Types of Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 4: States of matter

Bonding – Predicting Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Carbon Allotropes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Metallic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Covalent Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Ionic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – The Ideal Gas Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 5

CIE 6: Electrochemistry

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Balancing Redox Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Redox Processes (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Oxidation States (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 7: Equilibria

Acids and Bases – Drawing pH Curves (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The pH Scale and Strong Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid and Base Strength (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Le Chatelier’s Principle in Gas Equilibria (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Equilibria and Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogeneous System – Changing Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Partial Pressures (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 8: Reaction kinetics

Kinetics – The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution and Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Collision Theory and Reaction Rates (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE 9: The Periodic Table

Properties of Period 3 Elements – Properties of Period 3 Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Properties of Period 3 Elements – Reactivity of Period 3 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Trends Along Period 3 (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

CIE: 26: Reaction Kinetics, Catalysts

Transition Metals – Transition Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Transition Metals as Heterogeneous Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Reaction Determining Steps (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Reaction Half Lives (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Uses of Clock Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Orders of Reactions Graphically (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Introduction to Orders of Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.1 Atomic structure and Isotopes

Amount of Substance – Measuring Relative Masses (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Element Isotopes (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Atomic and Mass Number (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.2 Compounds, Formulae and Equations

Bonding – Ion Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Balancing Chemical Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.3 Amount of Substance

Amount of Substance – Percentage Atom Economy (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Calculating Percentage Yields (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Empirical and Molecular Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Further Mole Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance- The Mole and The Avogadro Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – The Ideal Gas Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.4 Acids

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.5 Redox

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Redox Processes (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Oxidation States (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.2.1 Electron structure

Atomic Structure – Electron Arrangement (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electrons in Atoms (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.2.2 Bonding and Structure

Bonding – Hydrogen Bonding in Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Forces Between Molecules (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Bond Polarity (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Molecular Shapes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Covalent Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Covalent Bonds (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Ionic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.1 Periodicity

Periodicity – Trends Along Period 3 (A-Level Chemistry)

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Carbon Allotropes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Metallic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.2 Group 2

Uses of Group 2 Elements and their Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Reactions of Group 2 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.3 The Halogens

The Halogens -Halide Ions and their Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Reactions with Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Group 7, The Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.4 Qualitative analysis

The Halogens – Testing for Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.2.2 Reaction rates

Rate Equations – Measuring Rate of Reaction (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution and Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Collision Theory and Reaction Rates (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Structural Isomers (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – General Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Introduction to Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.1.2 Alkanes

Alkanes – Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.1.3 Alkenes

Alkenes – Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkenes – Alkene Structure and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.1 Alcohols

Alcohols – Alcohol Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol oxidation (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Introduction to Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.2 Haloalkanes

Halogenoalkanes – Environmental Impact of Halogenalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.3 Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Purification Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Preparation Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.4 Analytical techniques

Organic Analysis – Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.1.1 Rates, Equilibrium and pH

Rate Equations – Reaction Determining Steps (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Reaction Half Lives (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Uses of Clock Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Orders of Reactions Graphically (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Order of Reaction Experimentally (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Introduction to Orders of Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.1.2 How fast?

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Le Chatelier’s Principle in Gas Equilibria (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Equilibria and Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogeneous System – Changing Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Partial Pressures (A-Level Chemistry)

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.1.3 Acids, Bases and Buffers

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Buffer Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Dilutions and pH (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – pH of Strong Bases (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Ionic Product of Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – More Ka Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The pH Scale and Strong Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.2.1 Lattice enthalpy

Thermodynamic – Calculating Enthalpy Changes of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy Key Terms (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Lattice Enthalpies (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Gibbs Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Total Entropy Changes (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Introduction to Entropy (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.2.3 Redox and Electrode potentials

Transition Metals – Examples of Redox Reactions in Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Reactions Revisited (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrochemical Cells Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrode Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.3.1 Transition elements

Precipitation Reactions of Metal Ions in Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligand Substitution Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Colour in Transition Metal Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Optical Isomerism in Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Cis-Trans Isomerism in Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Complex Ion Shape (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligands (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.3.2 Qualitative analysis

Precipitation Reactions of Metal Ions in Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.1.1 Aromatic compounds

Aromatic Chemistry – Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Benzene Nomenclature (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Improved Benzene Model (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Introduction to Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.1.2 Carbonyl compounds

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactivity of Carbonyl Compunds (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.1.3 Carboxylic acids and Esters

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.1 Amines

Amines – Introduction to Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.2 Amino acids, Amides and Chirality

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Amino Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Properties and Reactivity of Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Structure of Amides (A-Level Chemistry)

Optical Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.3 Polyesters and Polyamides

Polymer Biodegradability (A-Level Chemistry)

Condensation Polymers (A-Level Chemistry)

Polyamide Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.4 Carbon–carbon Bond Formation

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Nitriles (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.5 Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Considerations in Organic Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Purification Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Preparation Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.3.1 Chromatography and Qualitative Analysis

Analytical Techniques – Different Types of Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.3.2 Spectroscopy

Analytical Techniques – Deuterium use in ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – High Resolution ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Hydrogen (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – NMR Samples and Standards (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

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