Acids and Bases - More Ka Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

More Ka Calculations

The Acid Dissociation Constant

Using Ka to work out the Concentration of Weak Acids

The expression for Ka can also be used to determine the initial concentration of a weak acid, given its pH.

Worked Example: Calculate the concentration of a solution of pH = 4.88 of ethanoic acid at 298 K. The value of Ka for ethanoic acid at this temperature =

Answer:

1. Use the pH value to find the [H+]

2. Substitute the value for H+ into the expression for Ka and rearrange.

Using Experimental Data to calculate Ka

Previously we looked at how Ka can be used to calculate the pH of a weak acid. By working backwards, we can calculate the Ka for an acid from its pH and a known mass.

Worked Example: The pH of a solution of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH), made by dissolving 1.31g of ethanoic acid in 250cm³ of distilled water, was found to be 2.84. Calculate the value of Ka for the acid. Ar values: C = 12.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0

Answer:

1. Find the number of moles of ethanoic acid in the solution.

Moles = mass / Mr

Moles = 1.31g / [(2×12.0) + (2×16.0) + (4×1.0)] = 0.02183… mol

2. Calculate the concentration of the acid solution

Concentration = moles / volume

Volume = 250 cm³ = 0.25 dm³

Concentration = 0.02183 / 0.25 dm³ = 0.0873… mol dm³

3. Unlog the pH to find the [H+]

4. Substitute equilibrium concentrations into the Ka equation.

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AQA 3.1.1 Atomic structure

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electron Arrangement (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electrons in Atoms (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Element Isotopes (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Atomic and Mass Number (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Subatomic Particles (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.10 Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Le Chatelier’s Principle in Gas Equilibria (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Equilibria and Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogeneous System – Changing Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Partial Pressures (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.11 Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells

Acids and Bases – Drawing pH Curves (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Dilutions and pH (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrochemical Cells Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Representing Electrochemical Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrode Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Half Cells and Full Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.12 Acids and bases

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Buffer Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – pH of Strong Bases (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Ionic Product of Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – More Ka Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The pH Scale and Strong Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid and Base Strength (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory (A-Level Chemistry)

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Amount of Substance – Percentage Atom Economy (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Calculating Percentage Yields (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Stoichiometric Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Balancing Chemical Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Empirical and Molecular Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Further Mole Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance- The Mole and The Avogadro Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Measuring Relative Masses (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – The Ideal Gas Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.3 Bonding

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Hydrogen Bonding in Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Forces Between Molecules (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Bond Polarity (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Molecular Shapes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Predicting Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Carbon Allotropes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Metallic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Covalent Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Covalent Bonds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.4 Energetics

AQA 3.1.5 Kinetics

Kinetics – The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution and Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Collision Theory and Reaction Rates (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.6 Chemical equilibria

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (A-Level Chemistry)

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Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.7 Oxidation, reduction and redox

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Balancing Redox Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Redox Processes (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Oxidation States (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.8 Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Gibbs Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Entropy Change Predictions (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Total Entropy Changes (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Introduction to Entropy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculating Enthalpy Changes of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Hydration (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.1.9 Rate equations

Rate Equations – Reaction Determining Steps (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Reaction Half Lives (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Uses of Clock Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Orders of Reactions Graphically (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Order of Reaction Experimentally (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Introduction to Orders of Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Measuring Rate of Reaction (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.1 Periodicity

Periodicity – Trends Along Period 3 (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.2 Group 2, the alkaline earth metals

Uses of Group 2 Elements and their Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Reactions of Group 2 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.3 Group 7(17), the halogens

The Halogens -Halide Ions and their Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Reactions with Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Group 7, The Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.4 Properties of Period 3 elements

Properties of Period 3 Elements – Properties of Period 3 Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Properties of Period 3 Elements – Reactivity of Period 3 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.5 Transition metals

Transition Metals – Autocatalysis of Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Transition Metals as Homogeneous Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Transition Metals as Heterogeneous Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Examples of Redox Reactions in Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Reactions Revisited (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligand Substitution Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.2.6 Reactions of ions in aqueous solution

Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solutions – Metal Ions in Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Structural Isomers (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – General Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Introduction to Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Improved Benzene Model (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Introduction to Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.11 Amines

Amines – Nitriles (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Properties and Reactivity of Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Introduction to Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.12 Polymers

Polymer Disposal (A-Level Chemistry)

Polymer Biodegradability (A-Level Chemistry)

Condensation Polymers (A-Level Chemistry)

Polyamide Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.13 Amino acids

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – DNA Replication (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – DNA (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Enzyme Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Proteins (A-Level Chemistry)

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Amino Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.14 Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Considerations in Organic Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aromatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.15 NMR

Analytical Techniques – High Resolution ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Hydrogen (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – NMR Samples and Standards (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.16 Chromatography

Analytical Techniques – Different Types of Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.2 Alkanes

Alkanes – Obtaining Alkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkanes – Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes

Halogenoalkanes – Environmental Impact of Halogenalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.4 Alkenes

Alkenes – Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkenes – Alkene Structure and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.5 Alcohols

Alcohols – Industrial Production of Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol oxidation (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Introduction to Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.6 Organic analysis

Organic Analysis – Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.7 Optical isomerism

Optical Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.8 Aldehydes and ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactivity of Carbonyl Compunds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

AQA 3.3.9 Carboxylic acids

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Structure of Amides (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.1 Atomic structure and Isotopes

Amount of Substance – Measuring Relative Masses (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Element Isotopes (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Atomic and Mass Number (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.2 Compounds, Formulae and Equations

Bonding – Ion Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Balancing Chemical Equations (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.3 Amount of Substance

Amount of Substance – Percentage Atom Economy (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Calculating Percentage Yields (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Empirical and Molecular Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – Further Mole Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance- The Mole and The Avogadro Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Amount of Substance – The Ideal Gas Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.4 Acids

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Brønsted-Lowry Acid-Base Theory (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.1.5 Redox

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Redox Processes (A-Level Chemistry)

Oxidation, Reduction and Redox Equations – Oxidation States (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.2.1 Electron structure

Atomic Structure – Electron Arrangement (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Electrons in Atoms (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 2.2.2 Bonding and Structure

Bonding – Hydrogen Bonding in Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Forces Between Molecules (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Bond Polarity (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Molecular Shapes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Covalent Structures (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Covalent Bonds (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Ionic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.1 Periodicity

Periodicity – Trends Along Period 3 (A-Level Chemistry)

Ionisation Energies (A-Level Chemistry)

Periodicity – Classification (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Carbon Allotropes (A-Level Chemistry)

Bonding – Properties of Metallic Bonding (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.2 Group 2

Uses of Group 2 Elements and their Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Reactions of Group 2 Elements (A-Level Chemistry)

Group 2, The Alkaline Earth Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.3 The Halogens

The Halogens -Halide Ions and their Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Disproportionation Reactions in Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Reactions with Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

The Halogens – Group 7, The Halogens (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.1.4 Qualitative analysis

The Halogens – Testing for Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.2.2 Reaction rates

Rate Equations – Measuring Rate of Reaction (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution and Catalysts (A-Level Chemistry)

Kinetics – The Collision Theory and Reaction Rates (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 3.2.3 Chemical equilibrium

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.1.1 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Structural Isomers (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Reaction Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – General Formulae (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Introduction to Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – Naming and Representing Organic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.1.2 Alkanes

Alkanes – Alkanes: Properties and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.1.3 Alkenes

Alkenes – Addition Polymerisation in Alkenes (A-Level Chemistry)

Alkenes – Alkene Structure and Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Introduction to Organic Chemistry – E/Z Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.1 Alcohols

Alcohols – Alcohol Reactivity (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Alcohol oxidation (A-Level Chemistry)

Alcohols – Introduction to Alcohols (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.2 Haloalkanes

Halogenoalkanes – Environmental Impact of Halogenalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

Halogenoalkanes – Introduction to Halogenoalkanes (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.3 Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Purification Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Preparation Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 4.2.4 Analytical techniques

Organic Analysis – Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Atomic Structure – Mass Spectrometry (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.1.1 Rates, Equilibrium and pH

Rate Equations – Reaction Determining Steps (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Reaction Half Lives (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Uses of Clock Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Orders of Reactions Graphically (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Determining Order of Reaction Experimentally (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Temperature Changes and the Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Constant (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – Introduction to Orders of Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Rate Equations – The Rate Equation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.1.2 How fast?

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Le Chatelier’s Principle in Gas Equilibria (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Equilibria and Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogeneous System – Changing Kp (A-Level Chemistry)

Equilibrium Constant for Homogenous Systems – Gas Partial Pressures (A-Level Chemistry)

Calculations with Equilibrium Constants (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria applied to Industry (A-Level Chemistry)

Chemical Equilibria and Le Chatelier’s Principle (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.1.3 Acids, Bases and Buffers

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Buffer Action (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Dilutions and pH (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – pH of Strong Bases (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Ionic Product of Water (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – More Ka Calculations (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The Acid Dissociation Constant, Ka (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – The pH Scale and Strong Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Neutralisation Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.2.1 Lattice enthalpy

Thermodynamic – Calculating Enthalpy Changes of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy of Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Construction of Born-Haber Cycles (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Enthalpy Key Terms (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Lattice Enthalpies (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.2.2 Enthalpy and Entropy

Thermodynamic – Calculations involving Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Gibbs Free Energy (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Total Entropy Changes (A-Level Chemistry)

Thermodynamic – Introduction to Entropy (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.2.3 Redox and Electrode potentials

Transition Metals – Examples of Redox Reactions in Transition Metals (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Reactions Revisited (A-Level Chemistry)

Acids and Bases – Acid-Base Indicators (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Commercial Applications of Fuel Cells (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrochemical Cells Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Electrode Potentials and Electrochemical Cells – Electrode Potentials (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.3.1 Transition elements

Precipitation Reactions of Metal Ions in Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Iodine-Sodium Thiosulfate Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Carrying Titrations with Potassium Permanganate (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Redox Titrations (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligand Substitution Reactions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Colour in Transition Metal Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Optical Isomerism in Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Cis-Trans Isomerism in Complex Ions (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Complex Ion Shape (A-Level Chemistry)

Transition Metals – Ligands (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 5.3.2 Qualitative analysis

Precipitation Reactions of Metal Ions in Solution (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.1.1 Aromatic compounds

Aromatic Chemistry – Reactivity of Substituted Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Halogenation Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Electrophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Benzene Nomenclature (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Improved Benzene Model (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Introduction to Benzene (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.1.2 Carbonyl compounds

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Testing for Carbonyl Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactivity of Carbonyl Compunds (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.1.3 Carboxylic acids and Esters

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.1 Amines

Amines – Introduction to Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.2 Amino acids, Amides and Chirality

Amino Acids, Proteins and DNA – Structure of Amino Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Properties and Reactivity of Amines (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Structure of Amides (A-Level Chemistry)

Optical Isomerism (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.3 Polyesters and Polyamides

Polymer Biodegradability (A-Level Chemistry)

Condensation Polymers (A-Level Chemistry)

Polyamide Formation (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.4 Carbon–carbon Bond Formation

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Nitriles (A-Level Chemistry)

Amines – Amine Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Aromatic Chemistry – Friedel-Crafts Acylation and Alkylation (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Acyl Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Esters (A-Level Chemistry)

Carboxylic Acids and Derivatives – Properties and Reactivity of Carboxylic Acids (A-Level Chemistry)

Aldehydes and Ketones – Reactions to Increase Carbon Chain Length (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.2.5 Organic synthesis

Organic Synthesis – Considerations in Organic Synthesis (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Organic Synthesis: Aliphatic Compounds (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Purification Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Synthesis – Practical Preparation Techniques (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.3.1 Chromatography and Qualitative Analysis

Analytical Techniques – Different Types of Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Chromatography (A-Level Chemistry)

Organic Analysis – Identification of Functional Groups (A-Level Chemistry)

OCR 6.3.2 Spectroscopy

Analytical Techniques – Deuterium use in ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – High Resolution ¹H NMR (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Hydrogen (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Types of NMR: Carbon 13 (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – NMR Samples and Standards (A-Level Chemistry)

Analytical Techniques – Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (A-Level Chemistry)

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