Atomic Structure - 4.2.4 Radioactive Contamination (GCSE Physics AQA)
Radioactive Contamination
Contamination
- Radiation can be unwanted. Previously, we mentioned that we can use radiation in a variety of ways. However, there are times when we do not want radiation to reach some objects.
- Contamination is unwanted radiation. Unwanted radiation is called radioactive contamination. When radioactive particles come into contact with different objects, they might contaminate those objects, making them radioactive as well. This can potentially be hazardous.
- The type of radiation affects hazard levels. We know that there are various forms of radiation and each of types carries its own hazards. Alpha radiation tends to contaminate a small area, so an alpha source can be dangerous if it gets inside the body.
Irradiation
- Objects can become irradiated. When we expose an object to nuclear radiation, it can become irradiated. This simply means that if there is a radioactive source, any objects exposed to it will be called ‘irradiated’.
- Irradiation does not always lead to radioactivity. Even if an object becomes ‘irradiated’, it does not become radioactive. Irradiation simply refers to the exposure to a radioactive source, not that objects are become radioactive due to it.
Associated Hazards
- Risks depend on the source. For some sources, irradiation can pose risks, whereas for other sources, contamination can pose risks. Irradiation is linked to beta and gamma sources, whilst contamination is linked to alpha sources.
- Beta and gamma sources can get into the body. Through irradiation, beta and gamma sources can use their ability to travel long distances and get inside the body. Alpha sources are unable to travel very far and so they cannot get into the body through irradiation.
- Alpha sources work in small areas. If an alpha source is in a closed area, then it can cause a lot of harm by contamination. It is very strongly ionising, so it can contaminate a lot of particles in a small space, for example inside the body.
Precautions Against Hazards
- Irradiation can be prevented. We can prevent unwanted irradiation quite easily. To keep alpha and beta sources from irradiating objects, we can limit exposure.
- Sources can be removed. By placing the sources into appropriate containers, we can keep radiation sources away from objects. We can also place them into separate rooms.
- Protective clothing can be worn. As well as placing sources appropriately, we can wear clothing to protect us from radiation. We can wear gloves so that radioactive particles don’t stick to our skin, or use forceps to handle radioactive substances instead. We can even wear masks so we don’t accidentally breathe in any particles.
Studying Hazards
- Scientists study hazards. We can study hazards of radiation to find out its effects on humans. This is particularly important, since we need to know how to protect ourselves from radiation.
- Studies can be published. Scientists can publish the results of their studies to the public. This allows other scientists to read their work, so that the findings can be backed up or improved on for the future. Studies are often checked by a peer review for this to happen.
Atomic structure refers to the arrangement of particles within an atom, including the nucleus and electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and neutral neutrons, while electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.
Radioactivity is the property of certain elements that emit particles or energy in the form of radiation. This emission can be caused by the instability of the nucleus of an atom, and it can result in the transformation of the atom into a different element.
Radioactive contamination refers to the presence of radioactive material on surfaces, objects, or in the environment that can cause harm to living beings and the environment. This can occur as a result of accidents, releases of radioactive material, or improper handling of radioactive materials.
The effects of radioactive contamination can be harmful to living beings and the environment. Exposure to high levels of radiation can cause health problems such as burns, radiation sickness, and increased risk of cancer. Radioactive contamination can also affect the environment by contaminating soil, water, and food, leading to harm to plants, animals, and humans.
Radioactive contamination can be caused by several factors, including accidents at nuclear power plants, releases of radioactive material from nuclear weapons, improper handling of radioactive material, and natural sources such as cosmic rays and naturally occurring radioactive elements.
Radioactive contamination can be prevented by implementing safety measures and proper handling procedures for radioactive materials, as well as conducting regular monitoring and inspections to detect any releases of radioactive material. In case of an accident, it is important to follow emergency procedures and evacuate the affected area to minimize exposure to radiation.
The study of atomic structure and radioactive contamination is important in GCSE Physics AQA because it helps students understand the basic principles of atomic structure and the potential dangers associated with radioactive materials. By learning about the effects of radioactive contamination and how it can be prevented, students can better understand the importance of safety measures and proper handling procedures in the use of nuclear technology. This knowledge is essential for success in GCSE Physics AQA and for pursuing further studies in physics and related fields.
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