The biological approach to explaining OCD - A-Level Psychology
Genetic explanations:
-is a biological explanation
-diathesis-stress model suggests certain genes leave some people more likely to suffer a mental disorder but is not certain-some environmental stress is necessary to trigger the condition.
-Candidate genes create vulnerability for OCD ,some of these genes are involved in regulating the serotonin system.
-OCD is polygenic so has several genes that are involved such as those associated with the action of dopamine and serotonin,both neurotransmitters that are believed to regulate mood.
-There are different types of OCD based on different groups of genes.
Neural explanations:
The role of serotonin-serotonin regulates mood and is a neurotransmitter.Neurotransmitters are responsible for relaying information from one neuron to another.Low levels of serotonin means that the normal transmission of mood-relevant information does not take place,so mood is affected.Some cases of OCD may be explained by a reduction in the functioning of the serotonin system in the brain.
Decision making systems-Some cases of OCD seem to be associated with impaired decision making due to abnormal functioning of the frontal lobes of the brain.The frontal lobes are responsible for logical thinking and making decisions.There is evidence that suggests that the left parahippocampal gyrus associated with processing unpleasant emotions,functions abnormally in OCD.
Evaluation:
Twin studies-supports the genetic explanation.Nestadt et al found that in previous twin studies 68% of identical twins shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non-identical twins.This suggests a genetic influence on OCD.However,twin studies are flawed ,the fact that identical twins may be more similar in terms of shared environments may be overlooked.
Lacks clarity-it is not clear exactly what neural mechanisms are involved in OCD.
The biological approach suggests that OCD has a physical basis, such as genetics, brain chemistry, and neuroanatomy. This approach views OCD as a disorder of the brain rather than a psychological or environmental issue.
Studies suggest that OCD is hereditary, meaning that genetics play a significant role in its development. People with a first-degree relative with OCD have a higher chance of developing the disorder themselves.
Research has shown that imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, can contribute to OCD. These chemicals are responsible for transmitting messages in the brain, and when they are not functioning properly, they can lead to obsessive and compulsive behaviors.
Studies have shown that people with OCD have structural differences in certain areas of the brain, such as the basal ganglia, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. These differences can lead to problems with decision-making, impulse control, and emotional regulation.
Yes, medication can be effective in treating OCD by targeting imbalances in neurotransmitters. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed to treat OCD and have been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to treat OCD. This therapy involves teaching individuals coping skills to manage their obsessive and compulsive behaviors. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is a type of CBT that involves gradually exposing individuals to their fears and teaching them how to resist the urge to engage in compulsive behaviors.
While there is no cure for OCD, treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. It is important for individuals with OCD to seek professional help to develop an individualized treatment plan that works for them.
OCD affects around 1-2% of the population, and it is more common in women than men. It often begins in childhood or adolescence and can persist throughout adulthood if left untreated.
Common OCD symptoms include obsessive thoughts, such as a fear of germs or harm coming to oneself or others, and compulsive behaviors, such as excessive cleaning or checking. These behaviors can interfere with daily life and cause significant distress.
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