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A quick intro...
A-Level Chemistry is DIFFICULT, there’s no denying it! They don’t make it easy to study all the theory, memorise all the practicals, and apply it all to exam methodology.
That’s why we’ve included videos, textbooks, flashcards, past papers, and more in this course. We have specific courses for Edexcel, OCR, AQA, Pearson, CIE and more exam boards.
We cover every A-Level Chemistry specification
Atomic structure refers to the structure of an atom comprising a nucleus (centre) in which the protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutral) are present. The negatively charged particles called electrons revolve around the centre of the nucleus.
Quarks are fundamental particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons. Leptons are a type of fundamental particle that includes electrons.
Quarks are fundamental particles of matter that makeup protons and neutrons. Leptons are a type of fundamental particle that includes electrons.
The arrangement of electrons within an atom is called the electronic configuration and the electrons are filled up according to the energy of the levels as: 1s, 2s, 2p and more.
Quarks are fundamental particles of matter that make up protons and neutrons. Leptons are a type of fundamental particle that includes electrons.
Isotopes are different forms of the same atom that differ solely in the number of neutrons they have. The mass number of an element is determined by the number of protons and neutrons added together: mass number = protons + neutrons.
Isotopes are different forms of the same atom that differ solely in the number of neutrons they have. The mass number of an element is determined by the number of protons and neutrons added together: mass number = protons + neutrons.
Mass Spectrometry is a process by which the atomic mass of atoms or molecules is determined.
Electron configurations are the summary of where the electrons are around a nucleus.
Major periodic trends include: electronegativity, ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radius, melting point, and metallic character.
First ionisation energy is the enthalpy change when one mole of gaseous atoms forms one mole of gaseous ions with a single positive charge.
Relative masses are measured in terms of unified atomic mass units.
A mole is the SI unit for the amount of substance. The amount of elementary entities in a mole is equal to the number of atoms in 12g of the carbon-12 isotope. The number of entities per mole is the Avogadro constant or 6.022 x 10^(23).
RAM is a mass of an atom, relative to the mass of C-12. Since it is a ratio, it is unitless. 2. RMM is a mass of a molecule, relative to the mass of C-12.
RAM is a mass of an atom, relative to the mass of C-12. Since it is a ratio, it is unitless. 2. RMM is a mass of a molecule, relative to the mass of C-12.
One mole of a substance is equal to 6.022 × 10²³ units of that substance (such as atoms, molecules, or ions). The number 6.022 × 10²³ is known as Avogadro’s number or Avogadro’s constant.
The percentage yield shows how much of a particular product you get from the reactants compared to the maximum theoretical amount that you can get.
The ideal gas law can be written in terms of the number of molecules of gas: PV = NkT, where P is pressure, V is volume, T is temperature, N is number of molecules, and k is the Boltzmann constant k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
Empirical formulas show the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound, molecular formulas show the number of each type of atom in a molecule.
Stoichiometry is the use of balanced equations to calculate amounts of reagents and products.
Chemists employ balanced equations to calculate how much product will be produced from their reactants. In balanced equations, the co-efficients denote the amount of moles reacting and being created; however, this exact ratio is rarely employed in a reaction.
To balance an equation, you can only change the number of atoms of each element by adding whole numbers to either the reactants or products.
The mole is a unit in chemistry that tells us the amount of a substance.
Chemical bonding is the creation of a chemical compound by forming a chemical link between two or more atoms, molecules, or ions. The atoms in the resultant molecule are held together by chemical bonds.
The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical molecule forms an ionic bond, also known as an electrovalent bond.
When two atoms share an electron pair, they form a covalent connection, which is a type of chemical bond. A dative bond occurs when one atom donates its electron pair to another atom. They differ from one another in terms of how they form.
A metallic bond is a chemical link created by positively charged atoms sharing their free electrons among a lattice of cations.
Chemical bonds can hold atoms together. Atoms can develop a stable electron configuration when they form bonds. Atoms can lose, gain, or share electrons to establish a stable electron configuration.
The shape of a molecule or ion is governed by the arrangement of the electron pairs around the central atom.
Bond polarity is the separation of electric charge along a bond in chemistry, resulting in an electric dipole or dipole moment in a molecule or its chemical groups. Between two bonding atoms, electrons are not always shared equally.
The electromagnetic forces of attraction and repulsion that act between atoms and other types of nearby particles, such as atoms or ions, are examples of intermolecular interactions (or secondary forces).
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Understand the energy changes that occur throughout a reaction and apply what you’ve learned to predict how chemical reactions will behave.
The heat energy shift caused by a chemical reaction or process at a constant pressure is known as enthalpy change. The enthalpy change for a reaction is denoted by the symbol rH and is measured in kJ mol-1.
Calorimetry is a technique for determining how much heat is generated or absorbed during a chemical reaction. It is possible to identify whether a process is exothermic (releases heat) or endothermic (stores heat) by measuring the change in heat (absorbs heat).
Hess’s law is used to calculate the heat of formation, combustion, neutralisation, ionization and much more!
The energy necessary to break one mole of a given bond between a pair of atoms in the gaseous state are quoted in the data book as bond enthalpies.
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The field of physical chemistry concerned with understanding the speeds of chemical processes is known as chemical kinetics.
The collision theory, theory used to predict the rates of chemical reactions, particularly for gases.
The Maxwell-Boltzmann equation, which is the foundation of gas kinetic theory, determines the speed distribution for a gas at a given temperature. The most likely speed, the average speed, and the root-mean-square speed can all be calculated using this distribution function.
The average kinetic energy of all the atoms or molecules of a substance is defined as its temperature in chemistry.
Learn how concentration and pressure changes affect the Kinetics.
In chemistry, a catalyst is any substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed, e.g. enzyme.
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Learn more about different types of chemical measuremenets in Chemistry.
Systematic nomenclature can be used to name organic compounds and therefore make it easier to refer to them.
A reaction mechanism is the step-by-step sequence of elementary reactions that results in total chemical change in chemistry. A chemical mechanism is a theoretical hypothesis that attempts to describe in detail what happens at each stage of a chemical reaction as a whole.
The phenomenon of isomerism occurs when two or more compounds have the same chemical formula but distinct chemical structures. Isomers are chemical compounds with identical chemical formulae but differ in characteristics and atom arrangement in the molecule.
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An alkane, often known as paraffin is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon in organic chemistry. To put it another way, an alkane is made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure with single carbon–carbon bonds.
The method by which oil refineries split crude oil into different, more valuable hydrocarbon compounds depending on their relative molecular weights in a distillation tower is known as fractional distillation.
Alkanes are cracked by breaking C–C bonds. Thermal cracking yields a large percentage of alkenes when it occurs at high pressure and high temperature (mechanism not required).
Combustion is defined as “a chemical reaction with oxygen in which alkane is converted into carbon dioxide and water with the release of heat energy”.
Chlorination of alkane gives a mixture of different products. When consider mechanism of alkanes chlorination, free radicals are formed during the reaction to keep the continuous reaction. Learn the products and the mechanisms.
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The study of the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy is known as thermodynamics. The rules of thermodynamics define how energy evolves in a system and whether it can do beneficial work on its surroundings.
The strength of the forces between the ions in an ionic solid is measured by lattice enthalpy. The stronger the forces, the higher the lattice enthalpy.
Learn all the enthalpy key terms and be prepared for the Chemistry exam!
The Born Haber cycle is a series of enthalpy changes in a process that results in the synthesis of a solid crystalline ionic compound from elemental atoms in their standard state and a net enthalpy of formation of the solid compound of zero.
Learn how to do calculations involving Born-Haber Cycles and get ready for your Chemistry exam!
Enthalpy of hydration is defined as the quantity of energy generated when one mole of gaseous ions is diluted.
The enthalpy change associated with the dissolving of a substance in a solvent at constant pressure, resulting in infinite dilution, is known as the enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of dissolution, or heat of solution.
Learn how to do calculations involving enthalpy of solution and get ready for your Chemistry exam!
Entropy is the amount of thermal energy in a system per unit temperature that isn’t available for meaningful work. Because work is generated by ordered molecular motion, entropy is also a measure of a system’s molecular disorder, or unpredictability.
We can calculate total entropy change if we have the entropy changes of the system and its surrounds. The sum of the system and its surrounds is the total entropy change.
Learn how to predict the changes in entropy and get ready for your Chemistry exam!
The Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic potential in thermodynamics that can be used to calculate the maximum work that a thermodynamically closed system can accomplish at constant temperature and pressure.
Learn how to do calculations involving Free Energy and get ready for your Chemistry exam!
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